Dutch Fluency
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المستوى A1

Subject pronouns: ik, jij, hij, zij

Dutch has nine subject pronouns, the words for I, you, he, she, it, we and they: ik, jij (or je), u, hij, zij (or ze), het, wij (or we), jullie and zij (or ze). Yes, zij appears twice: it means both she and they. The verb tells you which one: zij is means she is, zij zijn means they are.

The pattern

Every person has its own pronoun, and three have a short form. Zij means she with a singular verb (for one person) and they with a plural verb (for more than one).

  • ik: I
  • jij or je: you (one person, informal)
  • u: you (polite, one person or more)
  • hij: he
  • zij or ze: she
  • het: it
  • wij or we: we
  • jullie: you (two or more people)
  • zij or ze: they

The long forms jij, zij and wij add emphasis. In everyday speech you mostly hear je, ze and we (more in Jij or je?). U is the polite you for strangers and official situations, like at the GP (U or jij). For things, Dutch often uses hij instead of het: see Hij, het or zij for things.

Examples

Ik ben Daan. Ben jij Priya?I'm Daan. Are you Priya?
Heeft u een afspraak?Do you have an appointment?
Hij fietst naar zijn werk.He cycles to work.
Zij is mijn buurvrouw.She is my neighbour.
Zij zijn mijn buren.They are my neighbours.
Ze werkt bij de gemeente.She works for the municipality.
Ze werken bij de gemeente.They work for the municipality.
Het is koud vandaag.It is cold today.
We gaan naar de supermarkt.We are going to the supermarket.
Komen jullie ook?Are you all coming too?

Why it works this way

Dutch verbs change their ending to fit the subject, much like English is and are. With she, the verb gets a -t or a singular form: ze werkt, ze is, ze heeft. With they, it gets -en or a plural form: ze werken, ze zijn, ze hebben. The verb already carries the information, so one pronoun can do two jobs. Context helps too: if you were just talking about Fatima, ze is almost certainly her.

Jullie follows the plural pattern (jullie werken), while u takes a singular verb form, even when you speak to a group (u werkt, u bent). You will find all the endings in The present tense.

Remember: zij alone is a riddle, and the verb is the answer. A -t or is means she; -en or zijn means they.

Watch out

  • خطأAhmed? Is vandaag ziek.

    صوابAhmed? Hij is vandaag ziek.

    unlike Spanish or Arabic, Dutch needs the subject

  • خطأDaan en Ik wonen in Utrecht.

    صوابDaan en ik wonen in Utrecht.

    ik only gets a capital at the start of a sentence

  • خطأSanne en Bas, jij bent te laat!

    صوابSanne en Bas, jullie zijn te laat!

    English you covers both; Dutch uses jullie for a group

  • خطأFatima? Zij zijn mijn collega.

    صوابFatima? Zij is mijn collega.

    one person, so is; zij zijn means they are

Quick check

  1. You are talking to Sanne and Bas. Fill in: Waar wonen ...?
  2. Choose: Lotte is ziek. Ze (is / zijn) thuis.
  3. Choose: Joris en Yara? Ze (fietst / fietsen) naar het station.
  4. Fill in the polite word for you: Werkt ... ook op vrijdag?
اعرض الإجابات
  1. jullie (two people, and wonen is the plural verb)
  2. is (Lotte is one person, so ze means she)
  3. fietsen (two people, so ze means they and the verb ends in -en)
  4. u (the polite you, with the singular verb werkt)

Use it today

On the train or in the supermarket, describe three people around you in your head: one sentence with hij, one with ze is and one with ze zijn, such as Ze zijn moe.

أسئلة المتعلمين

How do you say she and they in Dutch?

Both are zij, or the short form ze. The verb shows the difference: zij is means she is, zij zijn means they are, and ze werkt means she works while ze werken means they work.

What is the difference between jij and jullie in Dutch?

Jij (or je) is you for one person you know well. Jullie is you for two or more people, and it takes the plural verb, as in jullie werken.

When do you use u instead of jij in Dutch?

U is the polite word for you, used with strangers, older people and in official situations such as the GP or the gemeente. It works for one person or a group and takes a singular verb form: u werkt, u bent.

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آخر تحديث 2026-10-08. حرة للمشاركة والتعديل بموجب CC BY-SA 4.0، مع ذكر Dutch Fluency.