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Building words with prefixes: on-, her-, mis-, oud-

Dutch often changes the meaning of a word you already know by putting a prefix (a short piece glued to the front of a word) before it. Four of the most useful ones: on- usually means not, her- means again, mis- means wrongly and oud- means former. So onmogelijk is impossible, herschrijven is to rewrite, a misverstand is a misunderstanding and an oud-collega is a former colleague.

The pattern

Put the prefix in front of a word you know: on- makes it negative, her- repeats it, mis- makes it go wrong and oud- puts a person's role in the past.

  • on- goes mostly with adjectives (though not with every adjective), sometimes with nouns: duidelijk becomes onduidelijk (unclear), bekend becomes onbekend (unknown), zin becomes onzin (nonsense).
  • her- goes with verbs and the nouns made from them: herhalen (repeat), heropenen (reopen), de herkansing (the resit). The prefix stays attached (inseparable verbs) and the past participle (the form after heb or is) has no ge-: herschreven, heropend.
  • mis- goes with verbs and nouns: misbruik (misuse, abuse), mislukken (to fail), misleiden (to mislead). Most mis- verbs also drop ge-: mislukt (participles without ge-). A few, with the stress on mis, are separable: misgaan (go wrong) gives Het gaat mis and Het is misgegaan.
  • oud- goes before a person or a role: oud-collega, oud-leerling, oud-burgemeester. Write it with a hyphen.

Examples

Het is onmogelijk om dat vandaag nog af te krijgen.It is impossible to get that done today.
De brief van de gemeente was nogal onduidelijk, dus Priya heeft gebeld.The letter from the municipality was rather unclear, so Priya called.
Huizen in Utrecht zijn voor starters bijna onbetaalbaar geworden.Houses in Utrecht have become almost unaffordable for first-time buyers.
Daan moet zijn motivatiebrief herschrijven voordat hij hem verstuurt.Daan has to rewrite his cover letter before he sends it.
Kunt u de vraag even herhalen? De verbinding was slecht.Could you repeat the question? The connection was bad.
Na de verbouwing wordt de bibliotheek in maart heropend.After the renovation, the library will be reopened in March.
Door een misverstand over de tijd stond Mei een uur te vroeg op het perron.Because of a misunderstanding about the time, Mei was on the platform an hour early.
De politie onderzoekt misbruik van persoonsgegevens bij een webwinkel.The police are investigating misuse of personal data at an online shop.
Mijn eerste poging om stroopwafels te bakken is compleet mislukt.My first attempt to bake stroopwafels failed completely.
Op de verjaardag van Sanne kwam Ahmed zijn oud-collega Joris tegen.At Sanne's birthday, Ahmed ran into his former colleague Joris.

Why it works this way

Think of a prefix as a button on a remote control. The word underneath stays the same; the button changes what happens to it. Put pairs side by side and you can hear the switch:

  • Het rooster is duidelijk. / Het rooster is onduidelijk. (clear / unclear)
  • Ik schrijf de mail. / Ik herschrijf de mail. (I write / I rewrite)
  • Hij gebruikt de gegevens. / Hij misbruikt de gegevens. (he uses / he misuses)
  • Joris is een oude collega van me. / Joris is een oud-collega van me. (old, or from years ago / former: he and I are no longer colleagues)

English spreads not over un-, in-, im-, il- and dis-. Dutch mostly uses on-: oneerlijk (unfair, dishonest), ongeduldig (impatient), onzeker (uncertain, insecure). Loanwords tend to keep their own prefix: illegaal, inactief. And English un- can also undo an action (unpack, unlock); Dutch on- cannot do that.

Register matters too. Her- words often sound written and official: a letter from the gemeente announces that your street will be heringericht, while at home you would more likely say opnieuw ingericht. For many verbs, opnieuw or nog een keer sounds more natural in conversation.

This is also why prefixes help you read. Cover the prefix, read the word you know, then add the meaning back: onbereikbaar is bereikbaar (reachable) switched off. A herkansing is a kans (chance) again: a resit. Treat this as a strong first guess, not a guarantee. An onweer is a thunderstorm, and onkosten are expenses. Ontvangen (receive) has a different prefix, ont-. And herfst (autumn) and mist (fog) have no prefix at all. You will meet the endings that build words in suffixes.

Remember: on- says no, her- says again, mis- says oops, oud- says used to.

Watch out

  • IncorrectoLotte moet haar koffer nog onpakken.

    CorrectoLotte moet haar koffer nog uitpakken.

    on- does not undo an action the way English un- does

  • IncorrectoIk schrijf de offerte morgen her.

    CorrectoIk herschrijf de offerte morgen.

    her- stays attached to the verb

  • IncorrectoMijn eerste poging is helemaal gemislukt.

    CorrectoMijn eerste poging is helemaal mislukt.

    mislukken takes no ge-

  • IncorrectoIk kwam in de supermarkt mijn oud collega Bas tegen.

    CorrectoIk kwam in de supermarkt mijn oud-collega Bas tegen.

    write oud- for former with a hyphen

  • IncorrectoMijn oud-huis stond in Zwolle.

    CorrectoMijn vorige huis stond in Zwolle.

    oud- meaning former goes with people and their roles, not with things

Quick check

  1. Choose the right prefix: De uitleg in de mail was ...duidelijk, dus Yara heeft de klantenservice gebeld. (on, her or mis)
  2. Fix the sentence: Bas heeft zijn cv gisteren geherschreven.
  3. Choose: Carlos dacht dat de vergadering om tien uur begon, maar die begon om negen uur. Dat was een ... (misbruik or misverstand)
  4. Choose the correct spelling: In de trein kwam Emma haar ... tegen. (oud collega, oud-collega or oudcollega)
Ver las respuestas
  1. on: onduidelijk means unclear; herduidelijk and misduidelijk do not exist.
  2. Bas heeft zijn cv gisteren herschreven. Verbs with her- take no ge-.
  3. misverstand: Carlos understood the time wrongly; misbruik means misuse.
  4. oud-collega: oud- meaning former is written with a hyphen.

Use it today

Open the last letter or email from your gemeente, bank or employer and circle every word that starts with on-, her- or mis-. Cover the prefix, guess the meaning from the word underneath, and only then look it up.

Preguntas de quienes aprenden

What does the prefix on- mean in Dutch?

On- usually turns a word into its opposite, like English un- or in-: onmogelijk means impossible and onduidelijk means unclear. It does not fit every adjective, it cannot undo an action like English unpack, and a few words such as onweer (thunderstorm) have a different meaning.

Is it oud-collega or oud collega in Dutch?

Write oud-collega with a hyphen when you mean a former colleague. Without the hyphen you need the adjective form, mijn oude collega, which can also mean a colleague who is old.

What is the difference between her- and opnieuw in Dutch?

Both express doing something again: herschrijven and opnieuw schrijven both mean to rewrite. Her- words often sound more formal and exist only for certain verbs, such as herhalen, heropenen and herzien, while opnieuw works with almost any verb in everyday speech.

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Actualizado 2026-10-09. Libre para compartir y adaptar bajo CC BY-SA 4.0, citando a Dutch Fluency.