Dutch Fluency
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سطح A2

The simple past of regular verbs: -te and -de

To put a regular Dutch verb in the simple past (the one-word past tense, like English worked), take the stem and add -te or -de: ik werkte, ik woonde. In the plural, add -ten or -den: wij werkten, wij woonden. The memory trick 't kofschip tells you whether you need the t or the d.

This tense, de onvoltooid verleden tijd, is the tense of stories, written texts and descriptions of how things were: Het regende. Daan werkte tot zes uur en fietste daarna naar huis. When you chat about one finished event, Dutch speakers usually prefer the perfect tense (Ik heb gisteren gewerkt.). The lesson Perfect or simple past explains that choice.

The pattern

Look at the consonant just before -en in the infinitive. If it belongs to the 't kofschip group, add -te to the stem (plural -ten); if not, add -de (plural -den).

  • The 't kofschip group is t, k, f, s, ch and p, plus x and c in a few loanwords, such as faxen: faxte.
  • Find the stem first: drop -en and fix the spelling, so werken gives werk, wonen gives woon, stoppen gives stop. See Finding the stem of a verb.
  • ik, jij, u, hij, zij (she) and het share one form: jij werkte. There is no extra -t for jij or hij.
  • wij, jullie and zij (they) add -n: jullie werkten, zij woonden.
  • Check the infinitive, not the stem: leven has a v and reizen a z, so you write leefde and reisde.
  • A stem that already ends in t or d keeps it: wacht plus -te gives wachtte, antwoord plus -de gives antwoordde.
  • Irregular verbs such as gaan, kopen and zijn have their own forms: see The simple past of irregular verbs.

Examples

Ik werkte vroeger in een bakkerij.I used to work in a bakery.
Mijn broers werkten daar ook.My brothers worked there too.
Priya woonde twee jaar in Rotterdam.Priya lived in Rotterdam for two years.
Joris en Lotte woonden vroeger boven een snackbar.Joris and Lotte used to live above a snack bar.
Ahmed fietste elke ochtend naar zijn werk.Ahmed cycled to work every morning.
Yara belde om acht uur de huisarts.Yara called the GP at eight o'clock.
Carlos wachtte een uur bij de gemeente.Carlos waited an hour at the town hall.
De buren verhuisden in de zomer naar Groningen.The neighbours moved to Groningen in the summer.
Het regende de hele dag.It rained all day.

Why it works this way

Put your fingers on your throat and say a long s, then a long z. On the z you can feel a buzz: that is a voiced sound. The s has no buzz, and neither do the other consonants of 't kofschip. The ending matches: t is the quiet partner of d, so a quiet consonant gets -te, and most other sounds (vowels, l, m, n, r) get -de.

The letters v, z and g also take -de, simply because they are not in 't kofschip: leven gives leefde, reizen gives reisde, zorgen gives zorgde. In much of the Netherlands, people pronounce g, and often v and z as well, with little or no buzz, so your throat is not a reliable test for these letters. Trust the spelling of the infinitive.

Remember: the past tense makes the same choice as the past participle, which you already know from choosing t or d. If the participle ends in t (gewerkt), the past takes -te (werkte); if it ends in d (gewoond), it takes -de (woonde).

Watch out

  • نادرستIk woonte drie jaar in Leiden.

    درستIk woonde drie jaar in Leiden.

    n is not in 't kofschip; German speakers often reach for -te here

  • نادرستMei makte elke zondag soep.

    درستMei maakte elke zondag soep.

    the stem is maak, with a double a

  • نادرستDaan wachte twintig minuten op de bus.

    درستDaan wachtte twintig minuten op de bus.

    stem wacht plus -te: you hear one t but write two

  • نادرستWij verhuisten in maart naar Utrecht.

    درستWij verhuisden in maart naar Utrecht.

    verhuizen has a z, so -den

  • نادرستFatima en Bas fietste naar het strand.

    درستFatima en Bas fietsten naar het strand.

    two people, so -ten; the n is easy to miss in speech

Quick check

  1. Put the verb in the simple past: Sanne ... (koken) gisteren voor haar collega's.
  2. Put the verb in the simple past: Emma en Mei ... (wachten) een kwartier op de trein.
  3. Choose: De kinderen (speelden / speelten) de hele middag buiten.
  4. Fix the verb: Joris reiste vorig jaar door Spanje.
نمایش پاسخ‌ها
  1. kookte: koken has a k before -en, and the stem kook keeps its double o.
  2. wachtten: stem wacht plus -ten for two people.
  3. speelden: l is not in 't kofschip.
  4. Joris reisde vorig jaar door Spanje. (reizen has a z, so -de)

Use it today

Write three sentences about your life before your current home, using regular verbs like wonen, werken, leren and verhuizen, for example Ik woonde in Madrid en werkte bij een bank. Check every ending with 't kofschip before you show them to a Dutch friend.

پرسش‌های زبان‌آموزان

How do you form the simple past of regular verbs in Dutch?

Take the stem and add -te or -de in the singular (ik werkte, ik woonde) and -ten or -den in the plural (wij werkten, wij woonden). Use -te when the consonant before -en in the infinitive is one of t, k, f, s, ch or p, and -de in most other cases.

Is it reisde or reiste in Dutch?

The correct form is reisde. The infinitive reizen has a z, which is not in 't kofschip, so the ending is -de even though the stem is spelled reis. The same goes for leven (leefde) and verhuizen (verhuisde).

When do you use the simple past instead of the perfect tense in Dutch?

The simple past is typical in stories, written texts and descriptions of how things used to be, such as Ik woonde vroeger in Amsterdam. In conversation about one finished event, Dutch speakers usually prefer the perfect tense: Ik heb gisteren gewerkt.

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به‌روزرسانی 2026-10-09. آزاد برای اشتراک و تغییر با مجوز CC BY-SA 4.0، با ذکر نام Dutch Fluency.