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Level B1

Past participles as adjectives

A past participle, the verb form you know from the perfect tense (gesloten, gekookt), can describe a noun just like an adjective: de gesloten deur (the closed door), een gekookt ei (a boiled egg). Before the noun it takes the normal adjective endings. After zijn it describes a state: De winkel is gesloten means the shop is closed.

The pattern

A past participle can describe a noun like any adjective (a describing word). Before the noun it follows the usual -e rules; after zijn it has no ending and describes a state.

  • Most of the time, add -e: de gekookte aardappel, het gekookte ei, gekookte eieren.
  • No -e with a singular het-word after een, geen, elk and similar words, or with no article: een gekookt ei, gekookt water.
  • Participles ending in -en do not add -e: de gesloten deur, gebakken aardappelen.
  • A participle ending in -t or -d keeps that letter: gekookte, getrouwde (not gekookde).
  • After zijn, there is no ending: De aardappelen zijn gekookt.

The full ending rules are in Adjective endings.

Examples

Mag ik een gekookt ei bij mijn ontbijt?Can I have a boiled egg with my breakfast?
Het gekookte ei is nog te heet om te pellen.The boiled egg is still too hot to peel.
Bij de vis eten we vanavond gebakken aardappelen.We're having fried potatoes with the fish tonight.
Fatima klopte op de gesloten deur, maar niemand deed open.Fatima knocked on the closed door, but nobody answered.
Joris vond zijn gestolen fiets twee straten verderop terug.Joris found his stolen bike two streets away.
Ahmed heeft de ingevulde formulieren naar de gemeente gestuurd.Ahmed has sent the completed forms to the municipality.
De apotheek is op zondag gesloten.The pharmacy is closed on Sundays.
Priya is al drie jaar getrouwd.Priya has been married for three years.
Weet je of de tafel bij het raam gereserveerd is?Do you know if the table by the window is reserved?

Why it works this way

A past participle in front of a noun often labels the result of a finished action: a door that someone has closed, an egg that has been boiled. It can also describe a situation that is still going on: een bewoond huis is a house that people live in now, and een bewaakte ingang is an entrance that someone is guarding. Either way, Dutch treats the participle as an ordinary adjective, so gekookt behaves like warm: een warm ei, het warme ei; een gekookt ei, het gekookte ei.

Compare the present participle, the -end form from the previous lesson. Kokend water is bubbling right now; gekookt water has finished boiling. De vallende bladeren are still on their way down; de gevallen bladeren are lying on the pavement. Because the participle describes what has happened to something or the state it is in, most participles used this way come from verbs with an object, like sluiten and koken, or from verbs that take zijn, like vallen.

After zijn, the participle says how things are now: De apotheek is gesloten means about the same as De apotheek is dicht. The same words, zijn plus a participle, also form the passive in the perfect, which tells you something was done: De brug is in 1890 gebouwd (the bridge was built in 1890). As a tendency, a time or a doer (in 1890, door de gemeente) points to an event, while a sentence without them usually describes a state. Often both readings fit and the meaning hardly changes.

Remember: kokend water can burn you, gekookt water may already be cold. The present participle shows an action in progress; the past participle usually shows its result or a state.

Watch out

  • Noteen gekookte ei

    Sayeen gekookt ei

    singular het-word after een: no -e

  • Notde geslotene deur

    Sayde gesloten deur

    participles in -en add no -e; German speakers often add one

  • NotIk eet graag gekookt aardappelen.

    SayIk eet graag gekookte aardappelen.

    plural: add -e

  • NotIk hou van gebakte vis.

    SayIk hou van gebakken vis.

    the participle of bakken is gebakken, and it adds no -e

Quick check

  1. Choose: Lotte loopt op krukken met een ... been. (gebroken / gebrokene)
  2. Fill in the participle of schilderen: Ga niet op de net ... bank zitten!
  3. Fix the sentence and keep the article het: Daan eet het gekookt ei met een beetje zout.
  4. Choose kokend or gekookt: Yara geeft haar baby ... water dat ze eerst heeft laten afkoelen.
Show the answers
  1. gebroken: participles that end in -en do not add -e.
  2. geschilderde: bank is a de-word, so the participle gets -e.
  3. Daan eet het gekookte ei met een beetje zout. After het, the participle needs -e.
  4. gekookt: the boiling is over, and water is a het-word without an article, so no -e.

Use it today

In the supermarket, find three products with a participle on the label, such as geraspte kaas, gerookte zalm or gezouten pinda's, and say them out loud with de in front. Then say one Dutch sentence about when a shop near you is closed, for example De bakker is op maandag gesloten.

Questions learners ask

Does a past participle get -e before a noun in Dutch?

Usually yes, under the same rules as other adjectives: de gekookte aardappel, het gekookte ei, but een gekookt ei with a singular het-word after een. Participles ending in -en, like gesloten and gebakken, do not add an extra -e.

Is "de winkel is gesloten" the passive or an adjective?

Usually it simply describes a state, like "de winkel is dicht". The same form can also be the passive in the perfect, especially with a time or a doer, as in "De winkel is gisteren door de gemeente gesloten" (the shop was closed by the municipality yesterday).

What is the difference between kokend and gekookt in Dutch?

Kokend is the present participle and means the action is happening now: kokend water is boiling. Gekookt is the past participle and here means the action is finished: gekookt water has been boiled and may already be cold.

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Updated 2026-10-09. Free to share and adapt under CC BY-SA 4.0, with credit to Dutch Fluency.